The Different Types of Depression

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Depression

Understanding the Different Types of Depression

The Cerebral Care Team May 7, 2024

Medically Reviewed by Laurel Blackman, DO

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Depression is a complex mental health condition that affects millions worldwide. While the terms ‘depression’ and ‘depressed’ are often used broadly, there are several distinct types of depressive disorders, each with its own set of symptoms and characteristics.

In short, despite its use as an umbrella term, depression isn't a one-size-fits-all diagnosis. Recognizing the variations in the types is one of the first steps in getting personalized support.

If you’re asking, “What kind of depression do I have?,” this general overview could help start you on the path to understanding. Here, we'll explore the various forms of depressive disorders and highlight their definitions, symptoms, and treatment options.

Whether you're struggling with your mental health or seeking to support a loved one, understanding the nuances of different depression-related disorders is crucial. Our goal is to help you gain awareness and turn that practical understanding into action.

So, what is depression?

Before we differentiate between its various forms and help you gain some clarity on how to tell what kind of depression you have, understanding what’s at depression's core is vital.

Depression is more than a fleeting state of sadness; it's an extended period of profound despondency and lack of interest in things that usually give you joy, excitement, pleasure, or happiness.

The biggest sign of a depressive disorder is a mix of symptoms that interfere with daily life and last for weeks or months, sometimes even years.

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also referred to as clinical depression and often conflated with just the term ‘depression,’ typically involves a persistent feeling of sadness, listlessness, and/or despondency and/or a loss of pleasure in hobbies or interests.

MDD is typically coupled with several additional symptoms, including changes in appetite, problems with sleep, and/or a loss of energy. Impacting more than just your mood, MDD can affect your ability to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy life.

Symptoms of major depressive disorder

At least one of these should be present almost every day:

Depressed mood
Diminished interest or pleasure in activities

Several others will likely accompany the above symptoms of this depressive order:

Significant weight loss when not dieting, or weight gain without attempting to do so
Decreased need for sleep, or prone to oversleep
Agitation or slowed movements
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Diminished ability to think or concentrate, and indecisiveness
Recurrent thoughts of suicide or death, or attempting suicide

If you're thinking about acting on suicidal thoughts, reach out for help immediately.

Call 911 if you’re having a mental health emergency.
Text HOME to 741-741 if you're emotionally distressed and need immediate support.
Call 988 for the National Suicide Prevention Hotline.

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MDD treatment options

Treatment for MDD often involves psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of the two. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT), can be highly effective, along with antidepressant medications.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often the first line of treatment, but for those with severe depression or who don't respond to other treatments, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be considered.

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)

What is persistent depressive disorder (PDD)? Also known as dysthymia, this condition is a low-grade, chronic depression that might not hinder someone but can prevent them from feeling a healthy balance of emotions or picturing life in an optimistic light.

How does PDD differ from MDD?

PDD is diagnosed when a depressed mood lasts for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least two years, along with additional depressive symptoms. While the symptoms of PDD may not be as severe as those of MDD, they can still have a significant impact on daily life as they are more long-lasting than those seen in MDD.

Symptoms and long-term effects of PDD

Similar to MDD, signs can include changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and poor concentration. Its diagnosis tends to differ for these symptoms:

Low self-esteem: Self-criticism or a strong feeling of inadequacy can be common.
Appetite or sleep changes: People with PDD may sleep too much or too little, for instance.
Hopelessness: People with PDD often have an overall feeling that nothing will ever get better.
Low energy: Your whole body can feel heavy, and even small tasks are exhausting or take longer.

Managing persistent depressive disorder

Therapy and medication are commonly used treatments for PDD. Support groups can also be an invaluable resource, and understanding friends and loved ones can be, too.

Behavior changes — such as adding exercise to your daily routine, eating healthy, or practicing mindfulness — can also help relieve symptoms.

It’s important to note: The long-term nature of PDD may require ongoing management, coping strategies, and support.

Older white man wears a dark shirt and looks depressed

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic depression, is characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). There are several types of bipolar disorder, including bipolar I and bipolar II.

Bipolar I vs. bipolar II

Bipolar I disorder involves periods of severe mood episodes from mania to depression. In this type, manic episodes last at least seven days or are severe enough to require immediate medical care. With bipolar II, hypomanic episodes alternate with depressive episodes that are more frequent and lengthy.

Manic, hypomanic, and depressive episodes

Manic episodes or hypomanic states can vary in intensity. Common signs include:

Increased energy, activity, and restlessness
Excessively ‘high,’ overly good, euphoric mood
Extreme irritability
Racing thoughts and talking very fast
Reckless behavior

Conversely, depressive states mirror symptoms of MDD, as outlined above.

Managing bipolar disorder

Mood-stabilizing medication is one essential component of managing bipolar disorder, but therapy (including CBT and family-focused therapy) and support groups can also be important parts of treatment plans.

Lifestyle adjustments, particularly getting regular sleep and moderating alcohol and drug use, can also play a role in reducing the likelihood of episodes.

Individuals with bipolar disorder will need to work closely with mental health professionals to manage their condition.

Atypical depression

Atypical depression is a subtype of MDD characterized by a specific response to positive events, known as ‘mood reactivity.’ Despite its name, atypical depression is common.

What is atypical depression?

Atypical depression can mean a lot of different things, but most often, it refers to a specific pattern of depressive symptoms. People with atypical depression can experience:

Weight gain or increased appetite
Excessive sleepiness
A heavy sensation in the limbs
An aversion to engaging in social situations
Sensitivity to rejection

Unlike clinical depression, people with this type of depression can experience temporary improvements in their mood in response to good news or positive events, though their mood may quickly darken later.

Treatments and coping strategies

Treatment may involve a combination medication, psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and coping strategies. Individuals with atypical depression can also benefit from light therapy or CBT to alleviate social anxiety. Stress management techniques and a support system can also be valuable.

Psychotic depression

Also known as depressive psychosis, psychotic depression is a major depressive episode that is accompanied by psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions.

These could be physical disturbances like changes in motor function or sensations such as pain, or they could include sensory deprivation where someone believes they have ceased to exist.

Symptoms of psychotic depression

This condition involves severe depression accompanied by psychotic features like:

Delusions: False beliefs that aren’t based in reality.
Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that aren’t there.
Disorganized thinking or speaking: A loss of coherency in cognition or communication.
Paranoia and fears: An overwhelming sensation of persecution, retribution, or impending harm, often accompanied by irrational beliefs or delusions of guilt, worthlessness, or inadequacy.

It's important to recognize and treat psychotic depression promptly to prevent further complications.

Diagnostic challenges and treatment options

Diagnosing psychotic depression is complex as patients may be less likely to report symptoms that are frightening or perceived as shameful. For this reason, it’s important to find a judgment-free, comfortable space to speak with a trusted mental health professional about your perceptions and sensations. Additionally, psychotic symptoms may not be evident to others.

Once diagnosed, antidepressants and antipsychotic classes of medications, plus psychotherapy, are commonly recommended.

Woman looks sad and depressed while outdoors during the winter

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs at the same time every year, usually in the fall and winter. It's more than just the winter blues or cabin fever; SAD is a clinical diagnosis that can have severe impacts on one's life.

What is SAD?

Seasonal light changes heavily influence SAD, which disrupts the normal lives of people affected during the fall and winter months.

You may have seasonal affective disorder if you’re experiencing:

A depressive mood most of the day, nearly every day, during specific seasons
A loss of interest in things you once found pleasurable during the same period
Seasonal weight gain or cravings for carbohydrates
Sleeping more than usual or being lethargic during those seasons
Difficulty concentrating during the same period
Thoughts of death or suicide during certain seasons

Treatment and preventive measures for SAD

Light therapy, psychotherapy, medications, and, in some instances, supplements can help treat SAD.

Regular physical activity and socializing are also critical components of managing seasonal affective disorder.

Perinatal (postpartum) depression

Perinatal depression, commonly known as postpartum depression, is a significant depressive episode that occurs during pregnancy and/or after childbirth. It’s a serious but treatable condition that involves profound feelings of sadness, apathy, and/or anxiety.

How it differs from the 'baby blues'

While the 'baby blues' are common (it happens to up to 85% of all new birthing parents) and usually fade quickly, perinatal depression symptoms can be incredibly intense and have a significant impact on day-to-day living.

Symptoms of the 'baby blues' include unexplained crying, irritability, restlessness, and anxiety, and they often last for a week or two and generally resolve without intervention. Perinatal depression is emotionally and physically debilitating, could last for months, and requires treatment.

Risk factors and perinatal or postpartum symptoms

It’s estimated that up to 1 in 5 pregnant people go through perinatal depression. You may be more likely to experience this if you have:

A history of depression or bipolar disorder
Negative feelings toward the pregnancy
Hormonal changes
Sleep deprivation
A baby in neonatal intensive care (NICU)
Low estrogen and progesterone levels after delivery

Signs to watch for include these perinatal (postpartum) depression symptoms:

Difficulty bonding with the baby
Sadness
Anxiety
Changes in sleep or meal patterns
Intense irritability and anger

Early intervention is key to recovery, and recognizing and treating this type of depression promptly is critical to support both your and your baby’s well-being.

Treatment and support options

Perinatal (postpartum) depression is typically treated with medication, counseling, or a combination of the two. Working with a qualified care team is incredibly valuable, as they can consider your and your baby’s specific needs.

Support from friends, family, and support groups can be essential in managing the symptoms as well as navigating a new development in life — whether it’s your first child or one of several.

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Situational depression

Situational depression is an adjustment disorder with a depressed mood. This short-term condition occurs in response to a specific stressor or live event, such as an illness or death.

It can also occur following a significant life adjustment, such as job change, move, or divorce, or be triggered by a challenging situation like a legal battle, difficult relationship, or tumultuous work environment.

Situational depression vs. MDD

Some symptoms of situational depression can be the same as those seen in other depressive disorders, including changes in mood and behavior and physical symptoms like headaches or stomach issues. While it may share some specific similarities with MDD, the depressed state typically ends once the situation is resolved or you adjust to the life change or event.

In short, the biggest differentiating factor is that situational depression occurs after a specific event or stressor, whereas MDD can occur without any apparent trigger.

Treatment and coping strategies

With the support of friends, family, and/or a mental health professional, individuals can work through situational depression. It typically can’t be prevented, but healthy coping mechanisms, as well as self-care practices like exercise, proper nutrition, and mindfulness techniques, can help alleviate symptoms and promote overall well-being.

Coping strategies for situational depression may also include problem-solving techniques, stress management, and therapy. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms.

The importance of understanding the types

While the symptoms of various depressive disorders may overlap, each type has its own distinct features and treatment considerations. The sooner individuals understand what type of depression they are dealing with, the faster they can work toward a game plan to manage their symptoms.

If you're experiencing symptoms of depression, it's essential to seek help from a qualified mental health professional. Depressive disorders are treatable, and reaching out for support is a first step toward healing.

Whether you're unsure about your symptoms or seeking guidance on next steps, our licensed therapists and prescribers are here to help. Cerebral’s mental health professionals can help you manage your symptoms and improve your quality of life by offering individualized treatment plans, online therapy sessions, and ongoing support.

By educating yourself about the different types of depressive disorders and seeking personalized support, you can take control of your mental health.

Am I depressed?

Asking that question can be an initial step to finding answers and, more importantly, tailored support and interventions that address your unique needs.

To learn more about the level of your depression symptoms, take our 3-minute depression screener today.

Images by freepik, freepik, freepik, freepik, and Drazen Zigic on Freepik.

The information in this blog is provided as a general educational resource only, and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purpose. This information should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment and does not create any patient-physician relationship between you and Cerebral. Please consult your health care provider before making any health care decisions or to get guidance about a specific medical condition.

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Depression

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If you find that symptoms of depression are standing in your way, help is available. Just retired and feeling depressed? If you’re looking for more answers or thinking about mental health support, consider taking Cerebral’s free 3-minute online depression screener to assess your symptoms. Images by freepik, pressfoto, and freepik on Freepik. *The information in this blog is provided as a general educational resource only, and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purpose. This information should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment and does not create any patient-physician relationship between you and Cerebral. Please consult your health care provider before making any health care decisions or to get guidance about a specific medical condition.

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Depression

Is It Sadness or Depression? How to Tell the Difference

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Triggers and duration Sadness is often associated with a specific trigger, including personal experiences, external events, or internal thoughts and feelings. While everyone feels down occasionally, the initial intensity of the feeling could be alarming in some cases. However, the duration of sadness is usually temporary, lasting days to weeks, and gradually subsides as circumstances improve. Identifying clinical depression Depression, clinically referred to as major depressive disorder (MDD) or clinical depression, is a mental health condition that affects millions of people. What is depression? It's characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness, loss, or emptiness that can extend for weeks, months, or even years. It affects how you think, feel, and behave, and it can interfere with daily functioning and significantly impact your quality of life. Unlike sadness, depression doesn't necessarily have a clear outside trigger, and its effects are more pervasive. Symptoms and signs of depression Depression comes with an array of symptoms that could touch every aspect of your life, including: A consistently depressed mood Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed Significant weight loss or gain due to a change in appetite Insomnia or hypersomnia Fatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt Difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions Recurrent thoughts of suicide or death, or a suicide attempt These symptoms shouldn’t be ignored and may be a sign that help is needed. Clinical diagnosis criteria The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), used by mental health professionals, outlines specific criteria for making a clinical diagnosis of a depressive disorder. Symptoms that persist for at least two weeks and significantly impair functioning in multiple areas of life, such as work, school, or relationships, could be indicative of major depressive disorder (MDD). Feeling depressed vs. having MDD There’s also a gray area between sadness and clinical depression. You might be thinking, ‘But I wouldn’t call this sadness, and it also doesn’t sound like it’s MDD, so am I depressed?’ You could be experiencing situational depression, which is an adjustment disorder with a depressed mood triggered by specific life events, such as the loss of a job, the end of a relationship, financial struggles, or a major life transition. Situational depression shares similarities with clinical depression, such as feelings of sadness, listlessness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities, but it differs in its duration and context. Unlike major depressive disorder, situational depression is temporary and typically resolves once the situation improves or you adapt to the changes. While feeling depressed can be concerning, it's important to recognize that it can be a natural reaction to difficult circumstances and may not necessarily indicate the presence of a long-term mental health condition. However, you may benefit from speaking with a licensed therapist to help implement coping strategies so you can recover faster. Though generally not as severe as clinical depression, symptoms of situational depression can also require professional support, as thoughts of suicide may be experienced in some cases. Pay attention to how long symptoms persist or if they significantly impair daily functioning so you can explore further treatment options and support. How do I know if I am depressed? Distinguishing between sadness and a depressive disorder involves considering the duration, intensity, and impact of your symptoms on daily life. Depression vs. sadness: Duration and intensity differences When wondering if you’re just feeling sad or if you may have a depressive disorder, it's important to consider the intensity and duration of your feelings. Sadness is typically temporary and tied to specific events. While feelings of sadness could initially feel extreme, those emotions generally ease over time, and you can re-engage in life as you typically would. Symptoms of depression are persistent and may not have an identifiable cause. The intensity of depressive symptoms is often greater and may fluctuate throughout the day. Depression vs. sadness: A different impact on daily life Sadness may affect your mood temporarily, but a depressive disorder can have a considerable and continuous impact on your daily life. During short-lived periods when you’re feeling sad or depressed, you may be less motivated, social, focused, and/or energetic. However, when the feeling subsides, you’re able to resume daily life as usual. On the other hand, conditions like major depressive disorder can affect your ability to work, study, eat, sleep, and enjoy life. Clinical depression can also undermine your ability to maintain close relationships and can interfere with day-to-day functioning. When to seek help Monitoring your symptoms and knowing when to seek professional help is a big part of managing clinical depression. Monitoring depression symptoms If you're experiencing symptoms of depression, monitor how they're affecting your life. Keep track of your mood, thoughts, and behaviors over time. Take note of how long they last and if they prevent you from doing typical activities. Free mental health resource: Logging Depression worksheet Self-help strategies and when to use them There are beneficial things you can do to help relieve mild symptoms of depression, including: Exercising regularly Practicing relaxation techniques Maintaining a healthy diet Getting regular sleep Avoiding alcohol and drugs Talking about your mental health with a supportive friend or loved one Journaling for mental wellness While these strategies can complement professional treatment, they may not be sufficient for the severe or persistent symptoms that can be experienced by those with clinical depression. The bottom line: Doing these things can enhance your mental well-being, but they’re not a cure for depression. When to get professional help If depression symptoms continue for more than two weeks and significantly impair daily functioning, reach out to a mental health professional for help. They can evaluate you for a diagnosis and create a tailored treatment plan, including therapy and/or antidepressants or other medications, to help you cope and improve your quality of life. Seek help immediately if you're thinking about acting on suicidal thoughts, in a crisis, or experiencing extreme emotional distress. Call or text 988 for the National Suicide Prevention Hotline. Call 911 if you’re having a mental health emergency. Text HOME to 741-741 if you're emotionally distressed and need immediate support. For those who aren’t dealing with depression, talking with someone could help when you’re simply just feeling down. Therapy can help with every day challenges just as much as it helps with mental health conditions. Treatment for depressive disorders Various treatment options are available, including therapy, medication, and a combination of the two. Therapy and counseling Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy, and other forms of psychotherapy can help individuals address underlying issues contributing to depressive disorders and develop coping strategies for managing symptoms. Free mental wellness resource: CBT Thought Record worksheet Medication Antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), may be prescribed to help alleviate symptoms of depression. For those with MDD or a similar condition, these medications can help rebalance the chemicals in the brain that affect mood. Work with a licensed prescriber to determine what’s most appropriate for you. Becoming informed and considering support Understanding the difference between sadness, situational depression, and depressive disorders is key to addressing your circumstances. By recognizing the signs and symptoms of any of these experiences, you can proactively seek support or engage in self-help strategies, allowing you to regain control of your life and find hope. Whether you’re struggling with feelings of sadness, could use help recovering from situational depression, or need support in managing MDD, you deserve to feel better and help for all of these situations is available. Cerebral offers convenient online mental health services, including virtual therapy sessions, medication management via telehealth, and ongoing support. We’re committed to helping you find the best care team for you, taking your circumstances, needs, and preferences all into account. With a network of qualified licensed prescribers, you could also manage medication for MDD, if clinically appropriate, from a central hub under one affordable subscription with free expedited shipping. Want to give Cerebral a try? Schedule your first session today. Images by freepik, Drazen Zigic, freepik, and freepik on Freepik. The information in this blog is provided as a general educational resource only, and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purpose. This information should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment and does not create any patient-physician relationship between you and Cerebral. Please consult your health care provider before making any health care decisions or to get guidance about a specific medical condition.

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